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Julius Rudel
Austrian-born American conductor Julius Rudel was born in Vienna on 6 March 1921, and studied there at the Academy of Music. Emigrating to the USA at seventeen after Germany's annexation of Austria, he studied conducting at Mannes College of Music and then began a long association with New York City Opera, eventually becoming principal conductor and general director.
From 1979 until 1985 he was music director of the Buffalo Philharmonic. He also worked with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company, New York Metropolitan Opera, the Wolf Trap Opera Company and the Caramoor Festival.
Rudel died in Manhattan on 26 June 2014, aged ninety-three, leaving a series of recordings, mostly of operas, including Ginastera's Bomarzo for CBS and Charpentier's Louise for EMI.